By William E. Paul
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Additional resources for Annual Review of Immunology Volume 1 1983
Sample text
This replaced myblood group grant, whichthe Public Health Service cancelled in 1953. NSFhas been the mainsupport of mylaboratory since then. Annual Reviews Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1:1-33. org by HINARI on 08/27/07. For personal use only. It wasgenerally believed that the reactions weredue to contamination with bacterial protein. Althoughclinicians werepreparedto inject 30 g of dextran intravenously, no one on the committeewouldinject 1 mgto see if it was antigenic. 5 mgof dextran a day apart. tN/ml.
Tolerant cells do seemto exist, and this allows one to pose the question of whether or not somereversal of this intracellular anergy might form part of the spectrum of autoimmunity. Important evidence exists that even at the earliest phase of B cell neogenesis tolerance induction is not the only possible outcomeof an encounter with antigen. The first hint of this was the work of Metcalf &Klinman(71, 72), who used unfractionated cell sources rich in immature B cells in T-dependent B cell cloning system, the splenic microfocus assay.
In any event, once discovered, suppressor T cells were found to be active in manysituations. As early as 1973, a review by Droege(38) cited no fewer than 81 references on suppressor T cells, and the pace of research has certainly not slackened since. The key role of regulatory T cells in both antibody formation and T cell-mediated immunereactions raised another issue of great importance to the tolerance field. Giventhat the precursors of effector cells, particularly B cells, might not be tolerant of certain self components,the possibility was raised that autoimmunization might follow if a self molecule came into association with a foreign molecule that could act as a carrier, thus being capable of inaugurating T cell help (3, 127).